Was Neil Armstrong Misquoted? “One Small Step for Man”

Was Neil Armstrong Misquoted? “One Small Step for Man”

When Neil Armstrong set his left boot on the surface of the moon on July 21, 1969, becoming the first person to ever walk on the moon.

He then spoke some of the most famous words in the history of mankind, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”

So true, so brilliant, so inspirational yet…so contradicting?

The word “man” and “mankind” are used anonymously, meaning that the oh-so-famous quote quite simply put was, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for man.”

Huh?

Apollo 11 astronauts trained on Earth to take individual photographs in succession in order to create a series of frames that could be assembled into panoramic images. This frame from Aldrin's panorama of the Apollo 11 landing site is the only good picture of mission commander Neil Armstrong on the lunar surface. 

(Image: © NASA)

A one-lettered indefinite article is all it would take to turn this quote into the inspirational words our brains all process when we hear them.

That article is “a”- “One small step for “a” man, one giant leap for mankind.”

That is how most people interpret his words and, according to Neil Armstrong, those are the words he intended to speak.

NASA’s official transcript of the quote still shows the “a” in parentheses, “That’s

one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.”

This is because the “a” is not audible in the broadcast.

Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, Apollo 11 Commander, inside the Lunar Module as it rests on the lunar surface after completion of his historic moonwalk in July 1969.

(Image credit: NASA)

For years, both NASA and Armstrong insisted that static had obscured the “a”.

Armstrong himself stated that he would never make such a mistake (omitting such an important part), but after listening to recordings of his quote, finally conceded that it’s possible that he may not have said the “a”.

When he admitted this, he stated, “I would hope that history would grant me leeway for dropping the syllable and understand that it was certainly intended, even if it was not said—although it might actually have been”.

Apollo 11 lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin kicks up moon dust during a moonwalk on NASA"s historic first manned lunar landing mission in July 1969.

(Image: © NASA)

An Australia-based computer programmer named Pater Shann Ford conducted a digital audio analysis to support Armstrong’s claim that he did say “a” and concluded that he did, in fact, say “a man”, but the “a” was inaudible due to technological limitations of the time.

However, linguists David Beaver and Mark Liberman wrote their own digital audio analysis of the infamous quote on Language Log blog and concluded that, “The acoustic evidence seems to be against Ford’s theory.”

But that’s not the end of the story.

Support for Armstrong has been found in a team of researchers from Michigan State University and Ohio State University who have concluded that Armstrong did indeed speak the words he claims to have spoken but static or technological limitations are not to blame for its apparent omission.

According to them, Armstrong’s Ohion accent is to blame y’all.

According to a Michigan State University specialist in communicative sciences, assistant professor Laura Diller, because of the dialect of his hometown, if Neil Armstrong did voice the word “a”, it was short and fully acoustically blended with the preceding word “for”.

The Acoustical Society of America’s article on this topic states that,

Dilley and her colleagues, who include MSU linguist Melissa Baese-Berk and OSU psychologist Mark Pitt, thought they might be able to figure out what Armstrong said with a statistical analysis of the duration of the ‘r’ sound as spoken by native central Ohioans saying ‘for’ and ‘for a’ in natural conversation.

They used a collection of recordings of conversational speech from 40 people raised in Columbus, Ohio, near Armstrong’s native town of Wapakoneta.

Within this body of recordings, they found 191 cases of ‘for a’.

They matched each of these to an instance of ‘for’ as said by the same speaker and compared the relative duration.

They also examined the duration of Armstrong’s ‘for (a’) from the lunar transmission.

The researchers found a large overlap between the relative duration of the ‘r’ sound in ‘for’ and ‘for a’ using the Ohio speech data.

The duration of the ‘frrr(uh)’ in Armstrong’s recording was 0.127 seconds, which falls into the middle of this overlap, though it is a slightly better match for an ‘a’-less ‘for’.

Michael Collins, center, poses with Neil Armstrong, left, and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin Jr. for a group portrait a few weeks before they took off to the moon in the Apollo 11 mission in 1969.

In other words, the researchers conclude, the lunar landing quote is highly compatible with either possible interpretation, though it is probably slightly more likely to be perceived as ‘for’ regardless of what Armstrong actually said.

Dilley says there may have been a ‘perfect storm of conditions’ for the word ‘a’

to have been spoken but not heard.