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Navigating in Space, how do they do it?

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How does a space probe like Voyager 2 which was launched in 1977 visit the four outer planets and travel over 17 billion kilometers over a space of 40 years with almost next there nothing in the way of fuel. Apollo astronauts used three navigation systems to determine the proper flight paths to the Moon and back to Earth. These systems were used jointly or separately. Together they formed the Primary Guidance and Navigation System. By the time Voyager 2 had reached Neptune it had swung by Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus traveled 7 billion kilometers and was still within 100 kilometers of its target and all with mid-1970s technology. In the movies spacecraft just seemed to fly where they want and get there in no time at all but in our version of reality it's somewhat more complicated and takes much, much longer to get around. Can you imagine Spock saying to Kirk "we've just passed Pluto almost home only nine years to go" just in case you missed the rele...

A History of Moon Hoaxes

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Go to google and type in site : moon hoax and you'll get back over 670,000 websites that reference in some way or another that the moon landings were faked or we have never been to the moon at all. Bond’s to blame ... Sean Connery in Diamonds Are Forever. Photograph: Allstar/UNITED ARTISTS. How did we get from one of the greatest technological achievements of the 20th century to believing that it was a massive cover-up by NASA the CIA the government or a combination of all three and why almost 50 years after the first Apollo missions with all the scientific proof available do an increasing number of people believe in a radically different version of reality. One of the first reported instances of people not believing but the moon landings were true came on December 18th 1969 when the New York Times science reporter John Noble Wilford in an article called "A moon landing? what moon landing?" remarked that a few stool warmers in the Chicago bars are on ...

THIS IS HOW NASA SHOT THEIR ICONIC FOOTAGE OF APOLLO.

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The shuttle program, shots taken that would be impossible for any human to see close up and personal and many of them were done long before we had miniature high-definition cameras and high-speed data links beaming the footage live from space so how did NASA film these incredible shots of Apollo the space shuttle and beyond. Apollo 11 Launch. Now as good as these look from an aesthetic point of view they weren't done just to wow the public, they had a very important engineering role and that was their primary purpose to show the engineers and scientists just what was going on at critical stages of the launch and in some cases like the shuttle Challenger and Columbia disasters they were key in finding out exactly what happened. The story of how these techniques were developed goes back to the very first long-range ballistic missile the V2, the world's first CCTV system was developed by Walter bruch in order to observe the rocket launches from a safe distanc...

The Van Allen Radiation Belt And The Moon Missions.

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One of the most hotly contested procedures during the Apollo missions was how NASA dealt with the issue of Van Allen belts . The naturally-occurring belts of radiation that's surround the earth both on the journey to the moon and also returning from it. Van Allen belts. To some this just proves the point that NASA never went to the moon because they contest that if the crew went through the Van Allen belts they would have received a lethal dose of radiation and died during or shortly afterwards. But as we know that didn't happen so how did NASA achieve this? Cutaway drawing  of two radiation belts around Earth: the inner belt (red) dominated by protons and the outer one (blue) by electrons. Image Credit: NASA. Mention the word "radiation" and most people think of x-ray,s the atom bomb Hiroshima, Chernobyl and therefore associated with bad things. Yes, you do need thick lead shielding to protect against high-intensity x-rays but t...
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Schmitt, the last men to stand on the moon's surface left to return to Earth but if no one else is there, who's operating the camera as it pans up to follow the ascent module and I'll give you a clue it's not Stanley Kubrick. The view is actually from a video camera mounted on the lunar rover which remains on the moon to this day remotely operated by ground control via the large high gain antenna on the rover itself. The shot was meticulously planned and time to account for a 1.2 second delay in the radio signal across the 384,000 kilometers or 238,000 miles from the moon to the earth. NASA had contracted American company RCA to design a portable camera that could film the astronauts during their Rover excursions. At the time broadcast cameras were bulky and heavy but RCA's camera was about the size of a loaf of bread and weighed 2 kilograms or 4 and a half pounds a captured video at a resolution of 320 by 200 pixels at a rate of 10 frames per se...

The Moon Before Apollo Missions.

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The Apollo landings from 1969 to 1972 marked a high point in lunar exploration. But Apollo didn't just rock up onto the moon out of a blue. It took many many missions by probes and Landers over the preceding years to establish if we could send men to the moon and get them back again. It's quite strange to think that even by the late 1950s just over ten years before Neil Armstrong set foot on the lunar surface, we knew surprisingly little about the moon other than what we could observe from the earth from the hypotheses we could draw from those observations. We knew but it had no appreciable atmosphere or large bodies of water. But we didn't know what the surface was like and we didn't know what was on the far side beside which always faces away from Earth. Sputnik. After the launch of Sputnik on October 4th 1957, the Soviets made several attempts at getting a probe to the moon. The first three launch...